Women in Church Leadership: Passages from the Gospels and Pauline Epistles

The other day I got a phone call from a woman who shares an ecumenical Bible study group with some of my parishioners. She is not from a tradition with women clergy, so she wanted to know how to address such a person.

I said the answer is simple: Ask her what she'd like to be called. This led to a great conversation and a request for more information about the biblical case for women's ordination. I enjoyed procrastinating on other work for the afternoon while I put together this primer for her. I welcome comments, corrections, and suggestions for improvement.

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"Pyx with the Women at Christ's Tomb,"
ivory pyx, circa A.D. 500s,
Made in Eastern Mediterranean
(Metropolitan Museum of Art)

In all four gospels, the women are the first to hear the Good News. Mary Magdalene was “the apostle to the apostles.” In a patriarchal culture in which women could not give court testimony due to their supposed unreliability, this made no logical sense.

“If it weren’t for the women, the men still wouldn’t know Jesus is risen!” – The Most Rev. Michael Curry, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church

The home was a safe place for the early Jesus movement to meet. Since this was culturally women’s domain, that put women in a position to open up their homes and offer leadership to the nascent Church.

Lydia (Acts 16:11-15): When Paul arrived in Philippi, he didn’t go to the temple where he often began his work, but down to the riverside where the women gathered. As a dealer in expensive purple cloth, Lydia would have been in a financial position to fund Paul’s church plant.

Phoebe (Romans 16:1-2): “I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a deacon of the church at Cenchreae, so that you may welcome her in the Lord as is fitting for the saints, and help her in whatever way she may require from you, for she has been a benefactor of many and of myself as well.” Deacons were those charged with making sure that widows and orphans were well provided for (see also Acts 6). We often think of the threefold order of bishop, priest, and deacon. There were no priests/presbyters for some time to come, so deacons were the church’s local leaders.

Priscilla and her husband Aquila (Acts 18; Romans 16:3; 1 Cor. 16:19; 2 Tim. 4:19). They are mentioned by Luke (in Acts), Paul, and pseudo-Paul (in 2 Timothy). Paul usually refers to “Priscilla and Aquila,” not the other way around.

Junia (Rom. 16:7): “Greet Andronicus and Junia, my relatives who were in prison with me; they are prominent among the apostles, and they were in Christ before I was.” Junia is the only woman referred to as an apostle in the New Testament. An early tradition assumes Junia was a man, a question dependent on the use (or not) of an accent mark in the Greek. Subsequent assumptions of Junia’s maleness ignore all evidence to the contrary. Most modern scholars agree Junia was female.

Chloe (1 Cor. 1:11): “For it has been reported to me by Chloe’s people that there are quarrels among you, my brothers and sisters.” Chloe is clearly in charge of some aspect of the church in Corinth.

Euodia and Syntyche (Philippians 4:2-3): “I urge Euodia and I urge Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord. Yes, and I ask you also, my loyal companion, help these women, for they have struggled beside me in the work of the gospel …” A later, strained tradition insisted that Euodia was a man and Syntyche his wife, but the Greek clearly does not support this. Apparently these two female leaders in the church in Philippi had had a disagreement.

Erasing distinctions (Gal. 3:28): “There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus.” When setting the Galatians straight, Paul makes sure they understand that divisions of gender are irrelevant among followers of Jesus.

So why does Paul also seem to oppose women’s leadership?

Silent in church (1 Cor. 14:33-35): “As in all the churches of the saints, women should be silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as the law also says. If there is anything they desire to know, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church.” Scholars agree that Paul himself wrote 1 Corinthians.

However, earlier in the same letter Paul writes, “Any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled disgraces her head—it is one and the same thing as having her head shaved” (1 Cor. 11:5). Leaving aside the culturally bound reference to women’s head coverings, clearly Paul expects that women are prophesying, an activity done out loud in communal worship. And anyway, how could all the women already mentioned remain silent in the churches and still fulfill their obvious leadership duties?

Some early manuscripts place these verses after verse 40 instead of verse 32. This disagreement about placement makes clear that these verses were inserted by a later scribe, perhaps related to the 1 Timothy school of thought …

Submissiveness (1 Tim. 2:9-15):  “The women should dress themselves modestly and decently in suitable clothing, not with their hair braided, or with gold, pearls, or expensive clothes, but with good works, as is proper for women who profess reverence for God. Let a woman learn in silence with full submission. I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she is to keep silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor. Yet she will be saved through childbearing, provided they continue in faith and love and holiness, with modesty.”

Most scholars today agree that Paul did not write 1 or 2 Timothy or Titus, despite the fact that they are written in his name. In the ancient world, attributing a new composition to a revered, deceased person was a way of giving the work greater authority. This seems strange to us. But none of the letter's original hearers would have thought it to be Pauline; they all knew Paul was dead.

Imagine, then, that a letter were to appear from Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to the Black Lives Matter movement, encouraging its leaders to be steadfast and faithful to their cause. Nobody would believe Dr. King had written a letter from beyond the grave. But let the letter sit for a few centuries and we could understand why people might think it a dishonest fabrication.

From this we can deduce that a later tradition—the one behind the pastoral epistles—no longer valued women’s leadership, but had fallen back into a patriarchal mindset contrary to the Gospels and to the model of Paul’s earliest church plants.

Male Headship (Eph. 5:22-24): “Wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife just as Christ is the head of the church, the body of which he is the Savior. Just as the church is subject to Christ, so also wives ought to be, in everything, to their husbands.”

Scholars are evenly split on whether Paul wrote this letter. If he didn’t write it, we can see this as yet another later tradition falling back into patriarchy.

In any event, since Paul apparently wasn’t married—and, indeed, was seemingly indifferent to marriage—it may be that he simply wasn’t a good person to advise anyone on this topic. Paul and many other early Christians thought the world would come to an end any day with Jesus’ return. They were wrong, but their theological assumptions caused them to arrange their priorities for the short-term, not the long haul.

The Nature of the Bible’s Authority

The fact that so many early Christians were wrong about the impending end of the world is another cue to us that we must not take everything in the Bible literally or as a divine proscription for our own behavior. This is another whole topic, but suffice it to say that I’d rather wrestle with the Bible faithfully than cower before its own time-bound and culture-bound assumptions.

In John’s gospel, Jesus tells his disciples, “I still have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth; for he will not speak on his own, but will speak whatever he hears, and he will declare to you the things that are to come” (John 16:12-14). If the Holy Spirit is active and alive in the world, then the Bible is not a dead document, but a living one, and its effectiveness lies not in the ink on the page, but on its proclamation in community and the ways it causes us to rethink our priorities in light of the faith of our ancestors.

In other words, the question should not be, “Are you reading the Bible?,” but rather, “Are you letting the Bible read you?”

 

Gardens, Not Buildings

The life of a person of faith requires a great deal of imagination. But that doesn’t mean that we’re making all this up. On the contrary: faith begins with the apprehension of a truth so true that it cannot be expressed with mere sensory data. So we begin to flesh it out in stories.

Luckily, we don’t rely solely on our own storytelling abilities. Each religion has its own stories, handed down from generation to generation. The ones that are preserved are the ones that have served the most people in good stead. Even within the seemingly contained and frozen Bible, certain stories resonate more clearly with certain populations of people at certain times, while others fade into the background, possibly to become relevant again later.

The stories themselves are works of imagination, not because they are made up out of whole cloth, but because they speak clearly the deeper truth that cannot be otherwise explained. God created everything that exists and created people to enjoy it. Adam and Eve lived in a garden and walked and talked with God, but they broke the relationship and couldn’t stay in a paradise where everything grows and flourishes easily. Later people tried to build a tower to heaven, but God thwarted their hubristic work and scattered them.

God’s heart was broken by the scattering of the people, so God set about calling them back together, first by giving one specific people, the Hebrews, a mission: “It will be your job to show all the people of the world what I am really like. This will help you stay in relationship with me, but it will also help everyone to come back to me.”

The Hebrews set out on their mission but kept breaking the relationship with God themselves, and this slowed and frustrated the process. They abused one another and rejected God’s way of love. They looked for truth in power and ambition and conquest—places seemingly more convenient and efficient than God, who is the actual source of all truth. But God kept rescuing them, first from slavery in Egypt, and then consecutively from the oppression of many other nations. Every time it seemed that hope was lost and the deal was broken, God did something to reestablish it and inspired the Hebrews to try for a relationship with God again. The Hebrews carefully recorded even their own failures so they could learn from them. As a people, they suffered at the hands of other peoples, and that continues to this day.

Now look: Where in this story did we shift from imaginative speculation to historical fact? Where did we say anything that isn’t actually true? You might say, “There never was a garden with Adam and Eve living in it,” and from a scientific or journalistic standpoint, you’d be right. But the story of this particular people—the Hebrews—brings with it all sorts of stories that are told to get at the bigger truth behind them.

In our present age we value facts (or we used to, anyway—that may no longer be true in the United States). Scientists require facts in order to proceed. So a scientifically minded person may say, “Why can’t we just throw out all these old stories and proceed based only on facts?” Good luck with that. We all have stories around which we build our lives; otherwise we’d never be able to get enough rock-solid facts together to make any decisions at all. If we don’t value the stories of the ancients, we try to make our own. But the case for religion argues that we’re better off continuing to work with stories that have stood the test of time instead of relying only on stories we make up out of our own heads during the course of our brief lives.

That doesn’t mean letting go of the facts we have learned more recently—like everything science has taught us. It just means that the ancient stories get colored a different way. What does it say that when the people tried to build a tower, they couldn’t finish? What does it say that the whole story begins with a garden? When it comes to the life of faith, it’s better to cultivate crops than to build towers. When we make it a game of Jenga, the removal of one piece will cause the whole thing to crash down. But when we dig our hands into the soil, the failure of one crop—and the hunger that results—will inspire us to plant and harvest another.

I’m saying today, then, that it’s better to be a gardener than an architect. This, too, is a story. So on to the Christian story, which is the one in which I’ve chosen to make my own life. It starts with the story of the Hebrews and grows from there in a specific direction. A man was born—and this part is historically accurate. He was of the Hebrew people, now called the Jews, and he lived and taught among them. He called a small group of followers to be his students. He didn’t tell a new story, but the things he said and did breathed new life into the ancient Hebrew stories and arranged them differently. And his followers gradually understood that the God who had created them in the first place was walking among them and showing them how to love.

This realization became all the more real when the man Jesus was betrayed, arrested, convicted on a trumped-up charge, and executed. It seemed that everything was over—that the carefully constructed building of this new hope had come crashing down. But Jesus himself had said, “Tear down this temple and I will raise it up in three days.” Other than that, he hadn’t talked much about buildings, but only gardens. A sower went out to scatter seeds. A farmer found that an enemy had sown weeds among his wheat. Faith is like a mustard seed planted in the earth. Unless a grain of wheat goes into the earth and dies, it remains a single grain—but if it dies, it bears much fruit.

We build because it’s temporarily helpful, and it is a valid form of artistic expression, and it makes us proud. But sometimes we place too much value in the building and its dead materials of stone and brick. Real growth happens in the ground with living and dying things. Jesus went into the ground dead and came out alive—alive in a deeper way than before—and he appeared to his friends again to show them what had happened. The most audacious Christian claim is that this, too, is a historical fact: Jesus Christ is alive. The first task of anyone becoming a Christian is to acknowledge this to be a fact, even if we don’t fully understand it. Indeed, we need to retain the humility to acknowledge that we’ll never fully understand it. And attached to this bare fact—Jesus Christ is alive—are all the stories of Christians that have happened since.

The life of a person of faith requires a great deal of imagination. But that doesn’t mean that we’re making all this up. On the contrary: faith begins with the apprehension of a truth so true that it cannot be expressed with mere sensory data. So we do tell stories, stories that demonstrate to others: “This is the truth I’ve apprehended! How can we talk about it together? What middle ground can we find where we can compare our truths and find the love and the joy that are behind them?”

And while I can’t speak for other religious traditions, I can speak for the Church. We gather as Christian people to swap stories—the stories of the ancients as a shared, common language, and the stories of our own lives held up against those stories and against each other’s. Here we find joy and strength and we learn to walk the way of love.

Recently someone younger than I told me, “I can’t come to church these days. I just can’t be in a place with walls.” There it is again: buildings can indeed be limiting. And indeed, in the developed West anyway, young people are leaving the world of church buildings in droves. It’s the crashing down of an old world. Could it be God’s decree of the end of another Tower of Babel? Could it be that we need gardens now more than ever? What might the Church look like in a garden instead of a building?

Nowhere to Be Spotified

Spotify is wonderful. Yeah, I know, there’s all the controversy about how little the artists get paid—though I notice Taylor Swift and Adele are back on the platform again. Really, it’s the way people listen to music now, along with some other platforms.

What I like most about Spotify is the ability to make playlists and share them with others. Over the past two years I’ve enjoyed building and maintaining The Pop Music Anthology, a website that serves as a portal to hundreds of Spotify playlists organized by year and by season.

But some music just isn’t there. Not much, mind you, but if you go looking, you’ll discover some really significant hits and artists not represented on Spotify for your streaming pleasure. Usually this is due to some legal matter, so don't blame Spotify. They're trying ... believe me. They probably work from a list that includes every song I'm about to blog about, and many more.

In the process of the Pop Music Anthology project I’ve learned the following:

Older music is less well represented on Spotify than newer music. This isn’t all that surprising: most of the oldest preserved recordings from wax cylinders aren’t up on the platform, but then, most people aren’t looking for these. (You are more likely to find such things on YouTube, where collectors share freely with each other.)

Certain eras are better preserved than others, and the distinction isn’t strictly chronological. For instance, the late 1940s were a far less interesting time for music than the World War II era, so there’s less demand and therefore less available product in the latter part of the decade. This also makes sense.

Nearly all of today’s hit music is there. Really, Jay-Z and Beyonce are nearly the only holdouts anymore.

OK, now are you ready for some statistics? For this part we’re only looking at music recorded from 1958 to the present, because that’s what I’ve collected the most data about.

In the Pop Music Anthology from these years, as of today, I’ve tried to collect 16,924 songs—not just every U.S. top 40 hit (even the stiffs), but also every song that mattered in the major genres popular in the U.S. in that time period.

Of those 16,924 songs, only 704 are not on Spotify. That’s a mere 4.16%. And that includes songs that nobody really cares about anymore anyway (except collectors, and there again, you’ll probably find a low-quality recording on YouTube).

OK, but what about the ones that really matter? Conceding that many songs that really matter weren’t ever big hits, let’s just look at the big hits. When we isolate the 2000 biggest hits of the past 61 years, only 25 are missing! That’s a mere 1.25%. That’s an amazingly good rate.

But let's go a little deeper than that. Here’s a special countdown of the 40 biggest hits that you WON’T find on Spotify, as of the end of May 2019. I’ve even provided YouTube links so you can actually listen to them, even if you spend most of your time on Spotify.

#40 – The Royal Teens – “Short Shorts” (1958) – But apparently not short enough to clear all the legal hurdles.

#39 – Paul Nicholas – “Heaven on the 7^th Floor” (1977) – One of the most delightful odes to sexual harassment you’ll ever hear.

#38 – Jennifer Lopez featuring Nas – “I’m Gonna Be Alright [Trackmasters Remix]” (2002)—The original album version is available, but the unavailable remix was definitely the hit.

#37 – Bill Parsons – “The All-American Boy” (1959) – Who was this guy anyway? Presumably not a foreigner.

#36 – Seduction – “Two to Make It Right [7” Remix]” (1990) – The one you find on Spotify is a cheap knock-off.

#35 – Robin Luke – “Susie Darlin’” (1958) – I guess I’m just too young to know or care about this one.

#34 – *NSync featuring Nelly – “Girlfriend [Neptunes Remix]” (2002) – As with J. Lo at #38, you can find the original album version, but not the remix that made it a hit.

#33 – Shirley Ellis – “The Name Game” (1965) – Ah yes, the song into which we must never insert the names Bart, Mitch, or Chuck.

#32 – Dave Clark Five – “Over and Over” (1966) – As a matter of fact, the Dave Clark Five is nowhere to be found. And I’ve looked over and over.

#31 – David Naughton – “Makin’ It” (1979) – Maybe David’s makin’ it somewhere, but not on Spotify.

#30 – Enya – “Only Time [Remix]” (2001) – In the wake of 9/11, the dance remix became a popular source of comfort for many. But on Spotify, you’ll only find the super-mellow version without a beat.

#29 – Az Yet featuring Peter Cetera – “Hard to Say I’m Sorry [David Foster Remix]” (1997) – OK, I’m not hallucinating. From my days in radio, I have a recording of this song that actually features Peter Cetera singing on the final chorus. I can no longer find that version streaming anywhere … even on YouTube! It seems to be a real rarity, probably thanks to a bunch of lawyers’ hard, overpaid work.

#28 – Jay-Z, Rihanna & Kanye West – “Run This Town” (2009) – But they don’t run Spotify Town.

#27 – Thomas Dolby – “She Blinded Me with Science” (1983) – It has come and gone from Spotify more than once for some reason.

#26 – P.M. Dawn – “Set Adrift on Memory Bliss” (1991) – Again, the one you’ll find is a bad re-recording.

#25 – Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg – “Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang” (1993) – Dre’s classic album The Chronic is not there at all. (This link is NSFW.)

#24 – Jay-Z featuring Beyonce Knowles – “’03 Bonnie & Clyde” (2003) – Shame, too, because it was Beyonce’s first appearance as a solo artist.

#23 – The Four Seasons – “Dawn (Go Away)” (1964) – Most of the classic Four Seasons catalog is currently missing but inexplicably comes back from time to time.

#22 – Wayne Newton – “Daddy Don’t You Walk So Fast” (1972) – It’s not there, but do you care?

#21 – The Essex – “Easier Said than Done” (1963) – This is another that is sometimes there, sometimes not.

#20 – JoJo – “Leave (Get Out)” (2004) – If JoJo was ever there, she apparently left. She got out.

#19 – Aaliyah – “Miss You” (2003) – Other than her first album, Aaliyah cannot be found on Spotify at all. Something about a lawsuit and family ownership of her material, I think.

#18 – Jay-Z featuring Justin Timberlake – “Holy Grail” (2013) – This is one of the most recent missing smashes, thanks to Jay-Z’s decision to keep his and Beyonce’s catalog primarily on Tidal and no other streaming service.

#17 – um, that graphic to the left – “The Most Beautiful Girl in the World” (1994) – Most of Prince’s catalog is now available, but for some reason, not this oddball hit, his first top 10 hit under his new, unpronounceable name.

#16 – Ray Charles – “Hit the Road Jack” (1961) – Most of Ray’s 1960s classics are unavailable.

#15 – Aaliyah – “Are You That Somebody?” (1998) – I really wish this delectable piece of pop could be streamed there.

#14 – Alan O’Day – “Undercover Angel” (1977) – Sometimes it’s the one-hit wonders who get the short end of the streaming stick.

#13 – Eddy Grant – “Electric Avenue” (1983) – Yeah, I know. It’s a crime that it’s not there.

#12 – B.J. Thomas – “(Hey Won’t You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song” (1975) – Some artists live long enough to keep re-recording their own hits with ever cheesier production. I wish they’d stop.

#11 – The Four Seasons – “Rag Doll” (1964) – Just watch. It’ll be back eventually.

#10 – Frankie Valli – “Can’t Take My Eyes Off You” (1967) – Presumably, some of Frankie’s stuff also gets caught up in whatever legal wrangles keep the other three Seasons away.

#9 – Merril Bainbridge – “Mouth” (1996) – Treat yourself to a YouTube listen. This one’s always worth hearing and delighting in.

#8 – Toni Basil – “Mickey” (1982) – This is one heck of a classic to be absent.

#7 – Morris Albert – “Feelings” (1975) – We’re all still trying to forget Morris’s feelings of love, so it’s just as well.

#6 – Janet Jackson – “Runaway” (1995) – You probably don’t even remember this song unless you’re a real Janet fan. And if this is the sixth biggest hit ever that doesn’t appear on Spotify, you know, they’re doing pretty well.

#5 – Player – “Baby Come Back” (1978) – I always think of the time Maggie Simpson went missing and Homer called the missing child hotline. And got placed on hold. Where this song was playing.

#4 – Jay-Z & Alicia Keys – "Empire State of Mind" (2009) – Jay-Z's biggest hit, like all his others, is reserved for Tidal.

#3 – Aaliyah – “Try Again” (2000) – It’s been a long time. She shouldn’t’a left us with a dope stream to step to.

#2 – Rick Dees & His Cast of Idiots – “Disco Duck” (1976) – Um, yeah, that’s OK.

#1 – The Four Seasons – “December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)” (1976) – You just might find this one occasionally, especially when it makes it onto a movie soundtrack or something. But some guy in a suit gets paid the big bucks to keep it off Spotify for some legal reason. And it’s worth noting that the dance remix, which was a pretty big hit in 1994, has never been on the platform.

So there you have it. Check out www.popmusicanthology.com for the 96% of hits that are on Spotify … and enjoy.